How video translation can impact language learning through film

Film is a superb medium for language learning. As a visual art, it brings language to life in a way that textbooks simply can’t compete with. The constant supply of new films also means that language students can pick up the latest slang and learn to talk in a way that more closely imitates real life than the grammatical perfection of a school book.

Key to the learning experience is whether or not a film is subtitled or dubbed as part of the translation and localization process. With subtitle translations, you can read one language and hear another, which is what creates such an excellent learning opportunity. Dubbing, meanwhile, removes the dual-language component and thus the learning component.

In this article, we’ll explore the reasons behind video translation decisions in relation to film and take a look at some of the basics of subtitling and dubbing. Let’s get started!

Translation, subtitling, and dubbing

Subtitling is the presentation of the audio elements of a film (or television programme, or online video) in writing. What are the different types of subtitling? There are two: intralingual subtitles and interlingual subtitles. As the names imply, intralingual subtitles are in the same language as the film, while interlingual subtitles are in a different language. It is this use of translation services that makes interlingual subtitles so well suited to language learning.

Note that subtitling is not the same as closed captioning. What is the difference between closed captions and subtitles? In a nutshell, closed captions are written for viewers who cannot hear the audio, while subtitles are prepared for those who can.

Dubbing, meanwhile, involves applying a new layer or dialogue and/or other sounds over the original. How are movies dubbed? Essentially, by applying a foreign language translation that is carefully mapped to the timings of the lip movements of the film’s characters.

Using film translation to learn a language

While dubbing is ideal for those who don’t want to read a film as well as watch it, it removes the language-learning potential that a written translation provides. Subtitling is the language-learner’s friend; dubbing is not.

Watching a film in a foreign language provides multiple benefits. It helps to attune your ear to speech patterns in that language, as well as more generally to pronunciation and accents. It’s also a great way both to pick up new vocabulary and to compound words already learned.

This is where watching a film with subtitles really comes into its own. The viewer can hear the language they’re learning while being provided with an instant, written translation. All while watching something that also qualifies as a leisure activity.

The sheer scale at which new films are produced is also a major advantage when it comes to language learning. Those who love film have a steady stream of exciting ways in which to learn. The UK film industry, for example, spent £6.8 billion on film and high-end television production in 2025, with feature film spend hitting a record £2.8 billion. That translates to plenty of upcoming choices for those using the movies as a tool for language learning.

A 2025 NBER study found that countries favoring subtitling show more than one standard deviation higher English proficiency, with the strongest gains in listening and speaking. A 2024 study also confirmed that interlingual subtitles improve vocabulary acquisition across learner types, giving measurable support to the long-standing idea that films work as language classrooms.

The rise of AI in film translation and its implications for learners

AI tools now support real-time or near real-time dubbing and subtitling in more than 100 languages with improving lip-sync. The UK screen sector is actively adopting generative AI for subtitling, dubbing, and accent adaptation according to the 2025 BFI report. Companies such as Flawless use AI for visual dubbing to adjust lip movements without altering original performances. These advances reduce costs and speed delivery, yet they also raise questions about how much authentic spoken input learners will continue to receive when automated voices replace human ones.

Empirical evidence: subtitling's measurable impact on language proficiency

The 2025 NBER study shows subtitling countries exhibit over one standard deviation higher English skills, robust across measures. Effects are strongest for listening and speaking skills, aligning with film exposure mechanisms. Findings hold after controlling for linguistic distance and other factors in cross-country comparisons. The data moves the conversation beyond anecdote and supplies language educators with concrete numbers that back the habit of watching subtitled films.

Viewer preferences and platform trends in the streaming era

Netflix data indicates dubbed English content is watched three times more than subtitled in non-English markets. Dubbing investment and output have expanded substantially across streaming services to meet demand. Stated preferences often favor original audio with subtitles, yet completion rates and viewing hours favor dubs. The gap between what viewers say they want and what they actually finish watching continues to shape how platforms allocate localization budgets.

Expanding global practices: dubbing and subtitling beyond Europe

Many Asian markets such as China and South Korea show stronger subtitle preference among younger viewers. Dubbing remains dominant in several large European markets while subtitling prevails in Nordic countries and the Netherlands. Bilingual or dual-subtitle options are increasingly offered on platforms to serve mixed audiences. These patterns show that translation choices still track cultural habits even as streaming services try to standardize delivery worldwide.

Subtitles versus dubbing – why do different countries use different forms of translation?

Different countries take very different approaches to the issue of subtitling versus dubbing. Opportunities to view films with subtitles vary significantly from country to country, with cultural, historical, and even political factors coming into play when it comes to decisions about the use of dubbing versus subtitling.

Turn on the television in Spain, for example, and almost any foreign-language television programme that you see will likely be dubbed in European Spanish. So many movies are dubbed that the country has its own well-known voice actors, who regularly dub specific Hollywood stars as part of the translation process.

Just over the border in Portugal, however, dubbing is far less commonplace – and less popular. In fact, when The Simpsons Movie hit some smaller Portuguese cinemas back in 2007, with a dubbed only version, there were public protests.

This is because Portugal has a strong tradition of subtitling films instead of dubbing. This stems from a desire to protect the country’s domestic film industry – a desire so strong that dubbing was actually banned back in 1948. (The exception tends to be content for children, where dubbing allows for animations to be viewed by those who can’t read, or who can’t read fast enough to keep up with the pace at which subtitles would need to be delivered.)

These days, films in Portugal are usually offered in two versions at the cinema – dubbed and subtitled. Movie-goers simply choose the screen showing the version that they want to see. It was the absence of a subtitled option that so riled Portuguese film buffs when it came to The Simpsons Movie.

Interestingly, Netflix has shared its own experience of subtitling versus dubbing. While the firm’s research finds that foreign language viewers say they prefer to watch the original version with subtitles, viewing figures show a clear preference for the dubbed equivalents. With the consumption of dubbed content increasing steadily, Netflix is racing to meet this demand through expanded dubbing investment across its catalog.

While excellent news for those looking to listen to films and television series in their native tongue, it’s far from ideal for language students. Thankfully, Netflix remains fully committed to the use of translators. The company uses around a dozen localization vendors to deliver its content through multilingual subtitles, with some shows reportedly using as many as 200 translators in order to make their content accessible in other languages.

For now, at least, it seems language learners are in a strong position to carry on using subtitled films and other televised content in order to boost their linguistic skills. Language students who are regularly able to consume subtitled films in the genres that they most enjoy have a superb resource at their fingertips.